In lowincome and middleincome countries, indoor air pollution from burning fuel inside homes for heating, cooking, and lighting creates a substantial burden of respiratory disease in young children. A major source of indoor air pollution in developing countries is the burning of biomass e. Indoor air pollution caused by burning such traditional fuels as wood, crop residues, and dung is less evident, yet it is responsible for a significant part of country and global. Implementation needs for improvements in global public. Biomass in the form of wood, crop residues, and animal. Pdf of the four principal categories of indoor pollution combustion products, chemicals, radon and biologicals, research in developing countries has.
Air pollution costs the world trillions of dollars a year and severely impedes development in many countries, according to the world bank in a major study pdf of the economic costs of indoor. Pdf causes, consequences and control of air pollution. In the map here we see the share of annual deaths attributed to indoor air pollution across the world. Interventions to reduce child exposure to indoor air pollution in developing countries. This is because contained areas enable potential pollutants to build up more than open spaces. Sep 08, 2016 air pollution costs the world trillions of dollars a year and severely impedes development in many countries, according to the world bank in a major study pdf of the economic costs of indoor.
Today, indoor air pollution caused by burning of traditional solid fuels such as woodfuel, agricultural residues, and dried animal dung in unvented cookstoves in rural areas of developing countries is not much different from that of the past. For environmental health science students air pollution mengesha admassu, mamo wubeshet university of gondar in collaboration with the ethiopia public health training initiative, the carter center, the ethiopia ministry of health, and the ethiopia ministry of education august 2006. We welcome the editorial by thurston highlighting the effects of air pollution on health. Ari is a cause of death globally, causing approximately 19% of all deaths before the age of 5 years, according to a world health organization estimate. Epidemiology of lung cancer, new york, marcel dekker, 1994, pp. Further, the book briefly discusses building certification as a marketoriented tool to improve energy efficiency and indoor air quality in the building sector. In lowincome countries, it accounts for 6% of deaths. In the developing world, however, much housing lies in tropical and subtropical regions and typically.
Indoor air pollution and health in developing countries the. Indoor air quality iaq and indoor air pollution iap deal with the presence, levels, health effects, and control of physical, chemical, and biological factors in indoor environments, including homes, workplace, transportation media, etc. Dec 01, 2003 indoor air pollution is ubiquitous, and takes many forms, ranging from smoke emitted from solid fuel combustion, especially in households in developing countries, to complex mixtures of volatile and semivolatile organic compounds present in modern buildings. Indoor air pollution refers to chemical, biological and physical contamination of indoor air.
Outdoor air pollution and health in the developing. Temperature inversions can trap air pollution in one place for many days. The exposure and health situation in developing countries. The market for air quality monitoring has seen steady growth due to increased levels of air pollution and increased awareness of health issues caused by polluted air. Statistics suggest that in developing countries, health impacts of indoor air. Ezzati m and kammen d 2018 the health impacts of exposure to indoor air pollution from solid fuels in developing countries. Indoor exposure to auto exhaust pollution on urban street canyon in a less developed country, india. Indoor air pollution in developing nations is a major health hazard. Health effects of ambient air pollution in developing countries mdpi. The resulting exposure to high levels of particulate matter resulted in between 1. Indoor air pollution an overview sciencedirect topics. Barnes health and development research group medical research council of south africa johannesburg, south africa citation. Despite recent advances in estimating the health impacts of indoor smoke, there are limited studies targeted toward the design and implementation of.
Several studies from developed countries have shown increased risk for exposure to outdoor air pollution at much lower levels than iap levels seen in developing. Pregnant women exposed to higher pollutant levels are at higher risk of delivering a lowbirthweight lbw baby. How to fight air pollution in developing countries air. To that end, it was decided to update earlier draft manu scripts that had been prepared based on pres. The burden of disease from indoor air pollution in. In developed and developing countries, indoor air pollutionis gaining increasing prominence as a public health problem. Despite recent advances in estimating the health impacts of indoor smoke, there are limited studies targeted toward the design and implementation of effective intervention programs. Fundamentals of air pollution is an important and widely used textbook in the environmental science and engineering community. Particularly, the developing countries with dense population, like china and india, are facing more serious air pollution than developed countries. Indoor air pollution open knowledge repository world bank group.
Over 900 different compounds have been detected in indoor air and some pollutants may be 25 times more concentrated inside rather than outside buildings. Behavioral opportunities and research needs brendon r. Environmental protection agency sets and enforces air quality standards only for ambient air. There is a lack of standardized data regarding the levels and types of specific pollutants and how they impact lbw. Indoor air pollution in developing nations is a significant form of indoor air pollution iap that is little known to those in the developed world three billion people in developing countries across the globe rely on biomass, in the form of wood, charcoal, dung, and crop residue, as their domestic cooking fuel. Pollution disproportionately affects the poor, and children from disadvantaged families are especially at risk. Indoor air pollution is the term used to describe exposure to certain substances found in homes, schools, transport and subway stations. Who the health effects of indoor air pollution exposure in. This second edition offers a comprehensive overview of the priority indoor air pollutants. An inversion can work like a cap on the atmosphere. In some cases, indoor air pollutants may even be 100 times higher than outdoors.
Up to date, numerous studies have pointed lationout the re ship between the exposure to indoor air pollution iap and several health problems who, 2006. Outdoor air pollution since the ancient greeks, it had been believed that ambient air pollution via miasma theory vandenbroucke, 1988 could bring disease to humans e. Effectiveness of improved cookstoves to reduce indoor air. Indoor air pollution from biomass fuels, which is strongly poverty related, has. Indoor biofuel air pollution and respiratory health. Epa studies indicate that the levels of many air pollutants may be two to five times higher in indoor air than outdoor air. The burden of disease from indoor air pollution in developing countries. In developing countries, the main source of indoor air pollution is biomass smoke which contains suspended particulate matter 5pm, nitrogen dioxide no2, sulphur dioxide so2, carbon monoxide ca. Air pollution costs trillions and holds back poor countries. Urban air pollution is largely a result of combustion of fossil fuels that are used in transportation, power. Iaq and iap research in industrialized countries has examined hundreds of specific factors e. Outdoor air pollution is, indeed, important to summaries because of its potential to affect indoor air quality. Ambient air pollution, the need to provide an overview and detailed background information on different aspects of air pollution and cancer took on renewed importance.
International journal of hygiene and environmental health. Children aged less than five years that live in developing. Housing, indoor air pollution, and health in highincome. This thoroughly revised fifth edition of fundamentals of air pollution has been updated. Indoor air pollution in developing countries scielo saude publica. Intervention studies are required for stronger evidence of this association, and more importantly, to determine the size of health benefit achievable. Assessment and control of indoor air pollution, pp. A layer of warm air over a layer of colder air prevents mixing. Air pollution is increased in concentration below the cap. Indoor air pollution may arise from the use of open fires, unsafe fuels or combustion of biomass fuels, coal and kerosene. Perhaps less generally understood by the indoor air community, however, is that the largest exposurestohealthdamagingindoorpollutionprobably occur in the developing world, not in the.
Rapid economic growths are often accompanied with very intense but poorly. Effectiveness of improved cookstoves to reduce indoor air pollution in developing countries. A comparative study of indoor air pollution and its. Exposure to air pollution iap from the combustion of solid fuels is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. Oct 30, 2017 the causes of air pollution in developing countries are varied, but one of the main reasons developing countries struggle with air pollution is that their economies are still growing. Indoor air pollution in developing nations wikipedia. Outdoor air pollution in developingcountry cities is difficult to overlook. Indoor air pollution is the degradation of indoor air quality by harmful chemicals and other materials. The health impacts of exposure to indoor air pollution from. Both indoor and ou tdoor air pollution have caused approximately 3. Confounding presents a substantial problem for observational studies of indoor air pollution and health, although there is a reasonable case for believing that the observed association is causal. This form of energy usage is associated with high levels of indoor air pollution and an. Interventions to reduce child exposure to indoor air. Household benefits of indoor air pollution control in.
Since people spend a great proportion of time indoors, typically 90% or more, indoor pollution is frequently the predominant factor in total exposure. Household benefits of indoor air pollution control in developing countries 1. Indoor air pollution from biomass fuel smoke is a major health. The case of the cassamance natural subregion, western africa. Exposure of infants to outdoor and indoor air pollution in. Biomass fuels and coal are vital to health and welfare in developing nations. Within low income countries indoor air pollution is the sixth leading cause of avoidable death and among lower. Studies show that indoor pollution has a far greater impact on low and middleincome countries, also called developing countries. Indoor air pollution iap is responsible for many health, environmental, and social issues that disproportionately and adversely affect women and young children around the world.
Indoor air pollution in developing countries and acute. Smoking, air pollution, and the high rates of lung cancer in shenyang. The pooled effect size shows that the risk of lung cancer is greater in females or 1. Air pollution and its influences on localregional air quality, earths climate and human health are of great importance to the sustainable development of mankind. Indoor air pollution caused by burning such traditional fuels as wood, crop residues, and dung is less evident, yet it is responsible for a significant part of country and global disease burdens. Most of the cooking in developing countries is done by females, who are therefore more likely to be exposed to indoor air pollution than males. Report to congress on indoor air quality, volume ii. Google scholar 79 xu zy, blot wj, xiao hp, wu a, feng yp, stone bj, sun j, ershow ag, henderson be, fraumeni jf jr.
Pdf indoor air pollution in developing countries researchgate. Berlin, institute for water, soil and air hygiene, 1987, vol 3, pp 40 44. Indoor air pollution and health in developing countries. Oecd glossary of statistical terms indoor air pollution. Outdoor air pollution and health in the developing countries of asia. This publication is a concise summary of the evidence for health effects of exposure to indoor air pollution from solid fuel use in children and adults. In 2017 this ranged from a high of close to 11% in papua new. Kalpana balakrishnan, sambandam sankar, santu ghosh, gurusamy thangavel, krishnendu mukhopadhyay, padmavathi ramaswamy et al.
Outdoor air pollution in developing country cities is difficult to overlook. Indoor air pollution and the lung in low and mediumincome. World health organization protection of the human environment geneva 2002. Indoor air pollution is a major global public health threat requiring greatly increased efforts in the areas of research and policymaking. Household use of traditional biomass fuels and the impact on mortality ethan yeh university of california, berkeley february 20, 2004 abstract an estimated 2. Indoor air pollution can pose a serious health threat. Household energy, indoor air pollution, and health in. Indoor air pollution is ubiquitous, and takes many forms, ranging from smoke emitted from solid fuel combustion, especially in households in developing countries, to complex mixtures of volatile and semivolatile organic compounds present in modern buildings. Air pollution download ebook pdf, epub, tuebl, mobi. Modeling indoor air pollution from cookstove emissions in developing countries using a monte carlo singlebox model. Exposure to indoor air pollution may be responsible for nearly 2 million excess deaths in developing countries and for some 4% of the global burden of disease. Exposure to indoor air pollution from the combustion of solid fuels is an important cause of disease and mortality in developing countries. This article summarizes the evidence for health effects of exposure to indoor air pollution from solid fuel use in children and adults.
Abstract outdoor air pollution in developing country cities is difficult to overlook. The authors provide insights into different cultural settings and their consequences for indoor air quality. Since much of the cooking is carried out indoors in environments that lack proper. Most of the indoor air pollution in the homes of people in developing countries comes from burning fuel wood which of the following is an unhealthy mixture of pollutants that forms over cities. The health impacts of exposure to indoor air pollution. Improved wood stoves provide an overall reduction in the emission concentration compared to 3stone fire.
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